Measurement & Scaling Techniques

1. Fundamental Scales of Measurement

1. Nominal Scale: Categorical labels with no order (e.g., gender, eye color).
2. Ordinal Scale: Ranked data where intervals are not equal (e.g., ranking favorite brands).
3. Interval Scale: Equal distance between points with an arbitrary zero (e.g., Celsius scale).
4. Ratio Scale: Has equal intervals and a absolute true zero (e.g., weight, income, age).

2. Sampling Techniques

• Probability: Simple Random, Systematic, Stratified, and Cluster sampling.
• Non-Probability: Convenience, Judgmental, Quota, and Snowball sampling.